相信很多备考托福的同学们对于小作文的基本答题要求和规范都已经了解了，那么今天我们抓取一个小作文的重要环节提升大家的综合能力——摘要写作。这个能力之所以会出现在托福中考察，乃至与留学生未来的学习任务有密切联系：大学课堂是否能听懂并自己总结归纳;读完教授布置的阅读材料后能够在课堂上说出大意;乃至最后的学术论文写作，这一切都会用到这个基本能力。

　　托福综合写作中对于阅读和听力材料的归纳汇总，包含几个基本要素：

　　1)内容出处：Listening还是Reading (听力中的教授the professor还是阅读的写作者the author)

　　2)动词：argue, suggest, point out, indicate, etc. (若内容出处中使用了according to等结构，那么转述动词就不必出现了)

　　3)具体内容：听力/阅读中的具体观点的paraphrase/ summary.

　　4) 我们会在缩写过程中中使用到一些语法结构：如名词性从句宾语从句：The lecturer claims that it is possible to maintain human survival on Venus.主语从句：What the professor challenges is the authenticity of the painting.表语从句：The main argument provided by the lecturer is that this solution is practical.

　　接下来我们以TPO42的阅读为例，进行练习原文：

　　Glass is a favored building material for modern architecture, yet it is also very dangerous for wild birds. Because they often cannot distinguish between glass and open air, millions of birds are harmed every year when they try to fly through glass windows There are, however, several solutions that responsible businesses can use to prevent injuries to birds.

　　归纳汇总：The reading provides several solutions to help wild birds identify glass from the open air.

　　原文：One-Way Glass One solution is to replace the regular, clear glass with one-way glass that is transparent in only one direction. The occupants of the building can see out, but birds and others cannot see in. If birds cannot see through a window, they will understand that the glass forms a solid barrier and will not try to fly through it.

　　归纳汇总：According to the reading, one-way glass, which is only transparent from the inside, can make birds interpret the building as a concrete barrier.

　　原文：Colorful DesignsA second solution is to paint colorful lines or other designs on regular window glass. For example, a window could have a design of thin stripes painted over the glass. People would still be able to see through the openings in the design where there is no paint, while birds would see the stripes and thus avoid trying to fly through the glass Architects can be encouraged to include colorful painted patterns on glass as part of the general design of buildings.

　　归纳汇总：It is suggested in the reading that people could add colorful patterns such as stripes over the regular glass to signify warnings.

　　原文：Magnetic FieldThe third solution is to create an artificial magnetic held to guide birds away from buildings. Humans use an instrument called a magnetic compass to determine directions-either north, south, east, or west. Bird research has shown that birds have a natural ability to sense Earth’s magnetic fields; this ability works just like a compass, and it helps birds navigate in the right direction when they fly. A building in a bird flight path can be equipped with powerful electromagnets that emit magnetic signals that steer birds in a direction away from the building.

　　归纳汇总：Another solution mentioned in the reading is to form an artificial magnetic field, which can navigate birds in the correct direction away from the building.

文章标签：托福考试